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Living with Black Bears Project – Expanding Eastward

–Contributed by Courtney Hallacher, DWR Statewide Wildlife Education Coordinator

VMN volunteers have been giving presentations about living in black bear country at libraries and other locations in their communities. Photo by VMN-New River Valley Chapter.

DWR is looking for additional VMN chapters to join the Living with Black Bears (LWBB) outreach and education project. As black bears have become more common across Virginia, DWR has teamed up with and trained VMN volunteers to provide important bear education within their communities in hopes of alleviating negative interactions and human-bear conflicts. Since the program’s inception in the summer of 2022, 12 chapters have joined the program: Riverine, Pocahontas, Fairfax, Roanoke, Central Blue Ridge, Rivanna, Headwaters, Alleghany Highlands, Southwestern Piedmont, Shenandoah, and Old Rag. Volunteers across these chapters combined have given 32 sit-down black bear presentations, staffed 37 black bear educational tables, and made 32,599 direct educational contacts, far more than DWR staff could do alone. We are incredibly grateful to our VMN black bear education teams! 

If your chapter is looking for an outreach project, especially if you are in the eastern part of our state, consider the LWBB! Contact DWR Statewide Wildlife Education Coordinator, Courtney Hallacher, at courtney.hallacher@dwr.virginia.gov for more information and to join!

The project is making a difference! For sit-down presentations, volunteers distribute pre- and post-surveys. The evaluation results show educational impacts such as:

  • Attendees indicate that they have higher knowledge of black bears after the presentation: 62% say they know a “little bit” about black bears before the presentation, while after the presentation 95% said they rate their knowledge as “a fair amount” (44%) or “a lot.” (50%).  
  • Before the presentation, 34% of people state that they take down their bird feeders when bears are active, after the presentation 75% of this same audience say they will now be taking down their bird feeders when bears are active. 
  • We also see a change in dog leashing, 30% prior to and 43% after the presentation. Dog leashing is of particular importance for human safety in the outdoors since a lot of physical contact with black bears is due to bear-dog-human interactions.  
  • From our survey it seems like people already secure their trash/camping food and are careful about preventing animals from accessing pet food so we see little difference between the before and after numbers, although the numbers do go up by an attendee or two. 
Living with Black Bears project volunteers staffed a booth at the Virginia State Fair where they talked to thousands of visitors about bears. Photo by Becky Kyle.

We also receive anecdotal reports of project impacts. For example, a few days after attending a volunteer’s LWBB presentation, an attendee saw on her neighborhood email list that a black bear tore down a neighbor’s bird feeder. The individual took what she learned from the presentation and wrote a response back to all her neighbors and included the video recording of the presentation. Her response included removing bird feeders, potentially permanently until winter, along with removing other attractants. She described how bears will come back to look for that easy meal again and again until they realize it is not coming back out and then they will move on. The neighbor read the email and actually removed the feeder. They also set up a trail cam pointed at the place the feeder was located and a couple days later that bear actually showed back up looking for the feeder but it wasn’t there!

In another example, a volunteer wrote, “Everyone we talk to seems extremely interested and eager to hear about black bears since there are so many sightings. People want to learn more so they can understand why they’re seeing them, what to do/not do, and they’re curious why there are so many more bears than in the past. We get a huge variety of questions and lots of them. This project is SO worthwhile!!”

Map of VMN chapters currently involved in the Living with Black Bears project. The Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources has been getting more calls about bears in the eastern part of the state and would like to get VMN chapters involved there. Far Southwest Virginia is another prime area for the project to expand. Map by Courtney Hallacher.

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Virginia Master Naturalist Program 2023 Year in Review

Each year, VMN chapter leaders work hard on annual reports that compile their membership and volunteering statistics and describe some of their most impactful projects from the year. It’s exciting for us to hear about their accomplishments, and it is clear that Virginia Master Naturalist volunteers are continuing to make important impacts in their communities and to benefit Virginia’s waters, woods, and wildlife.

Below, we present some of the 2023 data through a table of quantitative outputs and an impact statement that will be submitted to Virginia Cooperative Extension and other sponsors. To learn about more stories of volunteers and their projects, check out our 2023 VMN Program Awards announcement.

2023 Virginia Master Naturalists By the Numbers

 
2023
New Basic Training Graduates
516
Total Enrolled VMN Volunteers
3,345
VMN Volunteers Reporting Service Hours
2,682
Volunteers Certified or Re-certified for 2024
1,561
Continuing Education Hours
31,820
Service Hours: Education and Outreach
52,184 (by 1,630 volunteers)
Service Hours: Science
79,923 (by 1,907 volunteers)
Service Hours: Stewardship
60,870 (by 1,782 volunteers)
Service Hours: Chapter Leadership
42,281 (by 1,457 volunteers)
Total Service Hours
235,258
Monetary Value of Service
$7.67 M
Sites Improved Through Stewardship
697
Number of new habitat sites planted/restored
46
Number of Direct Educational Contacts Made
424,503
Number of Indirect Educational Contacts Made
305,230
Number of Citizen Science Studies Supported
60+

​2023 Virginia Master Naturalists contribute to natural resource education, citizen science, and stewardship across the Commonwealth

Relevance

Virginia faces difficult natural resource challenges, such as loss of forestland, impacts of invasive species, pollution of our waterways, and disconnection between people and nature. State and local natural resource agencies need help to address these challenges, and public engagement is critical to their success. At the same time, individual Virginians need opportunities to be actively involved in exploring, caring for, and observing nature in their local communities, both for their own health and wellbeing and for the health of our natural resources. Furthermore, because the most impactful experiences in nature are deeply social, opportunities to connect people with nature through social groups are needed.  

two people sitting on the ground in a forest measuring somethingVMN volunteers spend time learning in the field in order to observe nature firsthand and practice their naturalist skills. Photo courtesy of Connie Reitz.

Response

The Virginia Master Naturalist (VMN) program addresses these needs by supporting a statewide corps of volunteers providing education, outreach, and service dedicated to the beneficial management of natural resources and natural areas within their communities. With 30 chapters across Virginia, the program aims to extend the capacities of state and local natural resource organizations to achieve their missions in new ways, engage new audiences, and work towards creating a citizenry more informed about and involved in natural resource conservation and management. The program, because of its chapter-based structure, also promotes learning about, exploring, and stewarding natural areas through social groups. 

In 2023, the program grew to 3,345 enrolled volunteers. VMN chapters offered 30 basic training courses, resulting in 516 newly trained volunteers joining the ranks. Together, VMN volunteers reported more than 235,000 hours of service in Virginia, valued at $7.6 million. More than 1,500 volunteers earned the Certified Virginia Master Naturalist title by completing at least 40 hours of service and 8 hours of continuing education. Since the program’s inception in 2005, more than 7,000 individuals have become trained VMN volunteers, and those volunteers have contributed more than two million hours of service with a value of $57 million to the Commonwealth of Virginia.


Results

Volunteer service hours were completed in four primary areas: education and outreach (52,184 hours; $1.70 million value), stewardship (60,870 hours at more than 600 sites, $1.98 million value), citizen and community science (79,923 hours, $2.60 million), and chapter leadership (42,281 hours, $1.38 million). VMN volunteer contributions in each of these areas resulted in positive impacts, such as restored habitats, new data for use in wildlife and land management, and more Virginians getting connected to nature.

Two noteworthy areas in which VMN volunteers made a difference in 2023 were promoting natural habitats and facilitating opportunities for Virginians to experience and learn about nature. 

group of 15 people examining plants on the ground next to a riverLower Potomac Gorge Ecosystem Monitoring – Volunteers are using a 1-meter square quadrat and placing it according to strict rules in a random fashion so the results can be generalized. By doing so, ARMN and the NPS will be observing the changes in vegetation that occur after invasive removal and learning about techniques that work or do not work in the process. Photo by Joy Tobin.

VMN volunteers are key contributors to the statewide effort to manage invasive species and promote native plants. In 2023, VMN volunteers helped produce two new regional native plant guides as part of the Plant Virginia Natives campaign. In addition, VMN volunteers created and restored dozens of native plant habitats that are improving ecosystem functions and serving as models for public visitors. Examples included a native plant garden renovation at Mason Neck State Park, a pollinator habitat meadow restoration at Holston Conference Cemetery-Emory & Henry, and a nature trail creation at Historic Smithfield next to the Virginia Tech campus. They also removed invasives from hundreds of additional sites, a first step to restoring habitat. Also in 2023, VMN volunteers assisted the Clifton Institute’s Virginia Native Seed Pilot Project which engages Virginia farmers in growing native plants for seed production. VMN volunteers’ involvement resulted in a substantial expansion of seed collection in previously underrepresented regions. VMN volunteers also made significant contributions to the Virginia Department of Forestry’s annual acorn collection, helping to produce hardwood trees at state nurseries for reforestation efforts. Both projects address the limited availability of local ecotype native plant seeds that has been a significant barrier to habitat restoration and the promotion of native plants. 

group of five people walking on a boardwalk through a forestVirginia Master Naturalists in the Tidewater Chapter lead local community members on a nature and history walk at Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge. Photo provided by Beth Deir.

VMN volunteers serve as guides to connect people to the natural spaces and resources in their communities. Due to facilitation by VMN volunteers in 2023, people had new, positive experience in nature. For example, VMN volunteers led a hike at the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge for members of a predominantly African American church. Although the worship center is less than two miles from the refuge, none of the congregation’s members had ever visited the refuge. The hike not only allowed the group to explore the unique ecosystem and its natural beauty, but the volunteers also shared the historical significance the swamp had to both African American and indigenous communities. In another example, A VMN volunteer in Fairfax County led a team in conducting a summer-long program focused on nature-related activities for teenagers from vulnerable communities. The program helped establish lasting positive connections with nature through hands-on activities outdoors. In Roanoke, a county park called upon Virginia Master Naturalists to lead a monthly nature walk for women on the park’s trails, due to a need expressed by female visitors who were concerned about hiking alone. The group hikes allowed women to be in nature, learn about the local ecosystems, exercise, and socialize – all things well known to improve health and sense of wellbeing. 

child peering through a magnifying glass at collection of pinned insects in a caseSouthern Piedmont Master Naturalists partnered with Occoneechee State Park for a ‘Pollinators in the Park’ event, offering a chance for visitors of all ages to learn about the importance of bees, butterflies, and other pollinator species.

Partnerships are a cornerstone of the program, and most VMN activities are conducted in collaboration with other organizations. In 2023, VMN chapters partnered with 478 different agencies and organizations across Virginia to accomplish shared conservation and education goals. At the statewide level, seven state agencies continued to sponsor and support the program and its volunteers.

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Experiencing Virginia’s Environmental Diversity

selfie of man by sign reading South River Preserve, owned and managed by the Nature Conservancy, donated by Alcoa

Tim Koppenhaver at South River Preserve in the Shenandoah Valley. Image by Tim Koppenhaver.

man wearing a helmet with a light, standing in a caveTim Koppenhaver in a cave at Mill Creek Springs Natural Area Preserve. Photo courtesy of Tim Koppenhaver.

–By Tim Koppenhaver, VMN-Shenandoah Chapter

Over the past decade, I’ve been on a property-collecting quest visiting one hundred locations either managed, worked in, or established by The Nature Conservancy (TNC). This quest has taken me all over the country, and once even led me under the sea off the coast of Mexico. But the state in which I’ve visited the most properties (31) is my home state of Virginia. 
 
Some TNC properties in Virginia are publicly accessible, like Fraser Preserve in Fairfax County or Fortune’s Cove in Nelson County. Others have been turned over to varying entities to ensure their protection.  The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, for instance, now manages Ogden’s Cave as a Natural Area Preserve. Others, like Greenbrier Park in Charlottesville, are protected by The Park Authority Act of Virginia which places them in the hands of city or county governments.
 
The thirty-one Virginia properties visited represent an amazing mosaic of varied environments – from soaring mountain tops to sea-level barrier islands. Being a trained Virginia Master Naturalist (VMN) made this quest even more rewarding. During our VMN training, we all learned about Virginia’s magnificent environmental diversity, and this quest really brought that understanding into clear focus. As naturalists know, Virginia’s diversity is characterized by its five physiographic provinces, and TNC has worked in each one.      
 
Along the Coastal Plain, Parramore Island is part of the vital barrier islands located in Northampton County and is Virginia’s largest Natural Area Preserve. 
 
In the Piedmont, TNC along with help from DCR, DWR, the City of Charlottesville, and Albemarle County helped establish Ivy Creek Natural Area – a place of beauty and ecological significance in a rapidly urbanizing section of Albemarle County. 
 
In the Blue Ridge, Buffalo Mountain in Floyd County is one of the state’s most significant areas whose high-elevation, wind-exposed openings, and magnesium rich soils make it unlike any place in Virginia. 
 
In the Ridge & Valley province, Cowbane Prairie in Augusta County protects a remnant of what the Shenandoah Valley once looked like when wet and mesic prairies and calcareous spring marshes were common. 
 
And near the Appalachian Plateau, The Pinnacle in Russell County protects towering cliffs, limestone ledges, and waterfalls near the Clinch River – home to fifty species of mussels, which is more than any other river in the world.
 
Protected lands like these and so many others are critical protectors of Virginia’s diversity.  According to NatureServe, Virginia is the country’s 12th most diverse state in terms of plants and animals (8th in fishes and 3rd in amphibians).  To learn more about Virginia’s diversity, DCR’s Conservation Lands Database includes a robust interactive map which helps better understand all the layers of protection in the state. The database includes state, federal, private, and locally managed lands, and conservation easements. It shows that of Virginia’s 25 million acres, over four million – or about 17% – are currently protected.
 
The Conservation Lands Database is loaded with a plethora of data and provides all VMNs ample opportunity to craft their own property-collecting quest to help foster an even deeper understanding of our state’s magnificent diversity.  


hand holding snail shells in foreground, waterfall in background

Exploring the aquatic biodiversity at Big Cedar Creek in Pinnacles Natural Area Preserve. Photo by Tim Koppenhaver.

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Virginia Native Seed Pilot Project Report

many rows of native plants growing in a greenhouse

Growing native plant seeds into plugs at the Clifton Institute greenhouse. Image by Isaac Matlock.

two maps, one labeled 2022 seed collection with dots marking collection sites mainly in the northern Piedmont and coastal areas of the state. One marked 2023 seed collections with dots marking collection sites distributed over a larger area of the state.Map of 2023 seed collections compared to 2022 collections. With the help of VMN Volunteers, seed collection expanded, particularly in the mountain area of the state. Image by Isaac Matlock.

In 2023, we began a new service activity in partnership with the Clifton Institute to assist with the Virginia Native Seed Pilot Project. This project aims to address the need for more local ecotype native plant seeds for restoration projects in Virginia while also helping small farmers diversify their operations. Isaac Matlock, the project coordinator, shared the following project summary for 2023. The involvement of Virginia Master Naturalists made a significant difference for the project; thanks in part to the volunteers, the project was able to collect seed for all of their target species and collect from previously undersampled regions. 

​2023 Virginia Native Seed Pilot Project Summary
By Isaac Matlock, Virginia Native Seed Project Coordinator, the Clifton Institute

Accomplishments
1.    Recruited six farms to establish seed harvesting operations
2.    Constructed new greenhouse at Clifton for plug production
3.    Produced plants needed for all operations including Clifton’s and Virginia State University’s
4.    Seed harvest plots established at Clifton and VSU
5.    Collected seeds for all eighteen project species 
6.    Increased genetic diversity in seeds collected with assistance of the Virginia Master Naturalists
7.    All seed harvest plots were established and planted by the fall
8.    First partial seed harvested and sent to Ernst Conservation Seed for evaluation

Seed Increase Operations and Plug Production
We were able to produce a surplus of plants for the project in the first year thanks to the construction of the greenhouse at Clifton and the huge effort from Ernst Conservation Seeds. All participating farms and the demonstration plots at Clifton and VSU were planted on schedule by the fall. The farmers will be working to establish commercial size operations but the demonstration plots at Clifton and VSU can serve multiple purposes.  We hope the seed increase plots at Clifton can provide an additional source of local ecotype plant material but also serve as an educational tool for anyone interested in starting their own native seed increase operations. There are many seed increase projects occurring around the United States, so it’s exciting to see Virginia catch up and join the ranks. 

A common question we get asked is why we are installing live plants rather than sowing seed in fields to establish our plots. There are two primary reasons for that: Firstly, we increase the chances of producing seed in less time by planting plugs rather than sowing seed. There is no guarantee that drilling the seeds will result in a successful stand and it could take multiple years to produce seeds that way. Secondly, we reduce the competition with weeds by planting mature plants. It still takes thousands of plugs to plant a single acre, so as these operations grow we will need to establish reliable means for them to source the appropriate ecotype plant material. With our single greenhouse at Clifton, we have the ability to produce up to 33,000 plugs which I hope can be a vital resource getting Virginia ecotype seeds on the commercial market. 

We made significant progress in 2023, which was the first full year of the Virginia Native Seed Pilot Project. Although we did not end up with as many farm operations on the project as desired, I believe that with time and proven success in the operations we will see more interest from others to join. Our current farmers are spread out through five different counties and are extremely diverse in their type of land use and experience. Each one has a unique approach to how to implement a native seed harvesting operation and their ingenuity has contributed greatly to the success of the project so far. 
We provide farmers with baseline recommendations for establishing a seed harvesting operation, but there is a lot of room for improvisation. It can be a big commitment to add a crop to a system that farmers have no prior experience with and I have a lot of respect for all of our participants and their willingness to jump into something new. With the efforts made by our farmers, we have seen a small harvest a year ahead of schedule! These seeds can serve as a foundation for additional live plants to increase their operations, and will give us valuable information on the type of yield they should expect going forward.

Wild Seed Collection Update
It was challenging to know what to expect for our wild seed collections this year as we were trying to collect from all new areas compared to 2022 in order to give those populations a rest year. This made things challenging as it can be difficult to locate suitable populations to collect from in the first place. The primary goals this year were to collect all 18 of our project species and pick up some more sites in the mountain region. As this was the last full year to collect the material needed for our current project, it was imperative that we used every resource possible to ensure that all the target species. 

The Virginia Master Naturalists implemented a statewide project to help us achieve our collection goal, and VMN volunteers made a significant difference in our efforts this year. With just under a dozen VMN volunteers collecting, they accounted for more than a third of the total collections. We also received assistance from several public schools and other independent volunteers who made time to collect seeds for the project. Thanks to volunteer efforts, we saw a substantial increase in the mountain and coastal region collections this year. The Department of Wildlife Resource also gave us access to over a dozen different wildlife management areas to collect from. With the dedication of our many volunteers and the partnership with DWR, we met all our goals and collected nearly the same quantity of seed as the previous year. It will be incredibly valuable to have volunteers assist with our wild seed collections going forward as we add new species. 

Going Forward
The project has a broad range of applications and it’s been rew
arding to see the many groups looking for ways to assist or build off the project. As we wait for spring, we are working on securing additional funding to extend the project another three years. This is the critical next step to see more Virginia ecotype seed hit the market because it will help us get our harvesting operations to the commercial scale. We also hope to recruit more farmers in the western portion of the state. I am excited as there is interest from several public schools regarding implementing programs for native plant propagation. The Rappahannock Tribe is also interested in establishing a seed increase operation to assist in their conservation work on tribal land. 

Acknowledgements
Thanks to everyone for putting in all the hard work this past year! Shout out to all our project partners in their commitment to the cause, thanks again to all our seed collectors and their efforts in finding all the material needed. 

Thank you to our farmers and their patience as we learn together what it takes to start a project like this. I look forward to seeing the overwhelming volume of seed produced this fall.

Partners and Project Contributors 

  • The Nature Conservancy
  • Ernst Conservation Seeds
  • Capital Region Land Conservancy
  • Department of Conservation Recreation
  • Virginia State University
  • Department of Wildlife Resources
  • Center for Urban Habitats
  • Virginia Master Naturalists
  • Friends of Dragon Run
  • Chancellor’s Rock Farm
  • Slade Farms
  • Pat Acres Farm
  • Morning Glory Farm
  • Rev. Dr. Johnny & Fonda Hicks
  • Marky Dewhirst & Scott Barboza 

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